In an earlier discussion of path and transaction (exchange) values, I thought they are subjective. Having recently examined natural arithmetic and number-lines as natural, biological, and perceived, pre-cognitive values, it seems clear now that path and transaction values are also objective. Paths originate as vectors and number-lines. The metrics of vectors can be established by an organism and/early hominid by marking. Recognition of events (transactions) can occur on a quantitatively marked location. For instance, a fight between two animals might well result in the deposit of blood and urine. These products would become markers for both animals. Depending upon the success of the encounter for the home animal, in whose territory the fight had taken place, the marker might mark an extension or a contraction of territory. The markers would be perceived, like any others, in pre-cognitive modes.

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