Robert J. Barro analyzed the relationship between stock market crashes and national economic contractions in the US and 33 other countries with data going back to 1870. He defines a depression as a 10% decline in gross domestic product (averaged per person) or a 10% decline in consumption. If there is a stock market crash with ca. 50% decline in value (US stock market lost 55% of its value in years 1929-1931), there is a 28% chance of a depression-sized contraction. Absent severe war, which accompanies many contractions in (civilian) consumption, Barro puts the odds of the US having a depression at 20%. (Robert J. Barro, "What Are the Odds of a Depression", The Wall Street Journal, Wednesday, March 4, 2009, A15.)
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