Reading Basho's Narrow Road to a Far Province (1694).
One of Basho's metaphors concerns a waterfall. On the fourth day of his journey, Basho visited Mt. Nikko, where he praised - as we discussed in the previous article - the Tokugawa reign for spreading security and peace throughout Japan. The waterfall was famous for the view provided from behind, looking out through the curtain of falling water. Here is Basho's description.
A mile or so up the mountain was a waterfall. The water seemed to take a flying leap and drop a hundred feet from the top of the cave into a green pool surrounded by a thousand rocks. One was supposed to sidle into the cave and enjoy the falls from behind, hence its name Urami-no-Taki, "the Waterfall Viewed from Behind."
There we did begin,
Cloistered in that waterfall,
Our summer discipline.
The waterfall offers several religous and political metaphors upon which Basho draws thematically throughout his story. First, viewing the waterfall from behind epitomized Buddhist doctrine. According to the Buddha, human life is suffering; but the suffering can be escaped by abandoning sensual and material desires. The waterfall symbolizes the ever-changing stream of phenomenological experience derived from the incessant activity of our bodily senses and physical needs. To begin our journey to peace, we must go behind the stream of experience. Since the waterfall is a veil, the imagery references a fundamental quest for the Buddhist: Go behind the veil.
Basho's haiku expresses another Buddhist theme. Buddhism was a missionary religion, which involves going out into the world. It also valued monastic withdrawal from the world. The monasteries were cloisters where disciples learned a strict routine of prayer, hence, discipline. The monasteries sought and represented the high value purity of not desiring anything, separating from worldly obsessions.
The waterfall also provided a political metaphor. By unifying Japan, the Tokugawa reign enabled travellers, such as Basho, to pass through the boundaries and barriers that had previously divided Japan into its feudal territories. Those boundaries were symbols, like the waterfall, of the suffering and transitory cravings created by zealous pursuit of worldly goods, i.e., feudal quest for power that divided the nation. When the traveller went beyond the old boundary, he could turn around and look back through it. The view back would be analogous to viewing the waterfall from behind.
Crossing the boundary and looking back through it becomes Basho's template for organizing ideas, values, and historical knowledge. The template unifies behavior, spiritual values, and political allegiances in a ritualized gesture of going through a limit and turning around to look back over the path and boundary. It implicitly glorifies Tokugawa rule, which made such travel and gestures possible at all. The gesture is fundamental to Basho's journey as a political apologia.
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